...act
The only two classes of such forces are electromagnetic and gravitational. We do not consider electromagnetic forces. Also, the effects of the gravitational forces will be negligible compared to the tension forces so long as the string is sufficiently light (32#32 is small) or the tension sufficiently large (11#11 large). This holds whenever the the string hangs between the walls without sagging.
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...air
We also ignore air resistance
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...equal
Tensions are only equal for massless strings.
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...40#40
In the figure, the segment may appear to have a length significantly longer than 40#40. This is because we have exaggerated the amplitude of the involved wave for clarity.
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Tomas Arias
Mon Oct 15 16:15:07 EDT 2001